In the dry climate of the Rocky Mountains you really only get a rust bloom like this on your carbon steel when it sees direct contact with water (this new piece of ductwork just saw the first of many rainstorms in its life). However, in humid climates you’ll get this same rust inside of your vessels that aren’t even exposed to rain. That’s why it’s important to put down a coat of primer such as Pennguard HB, Penntrowel Epoxy Primer, or other similar ErgonArmor products as soon as possible after you’ve cleaned and prepped your surface. That’ll ensure you seal it in and are ready for a solid bond between your steel and your vessel lining system.